Overview
In this guide, we will make Mini Weather Station using DHT11 Humidity Temperature Sensor & Raspberry Pi Pico. A weather station is a system of integrated components that automatically measure, record, and sometimes transmit weather data.
In this project, the ambient temperature value and humidity value are monitored in real-time through the DHT11 Temperature & Humidity sensor and displayed on the 16×2 I2C LCD module synchronously. When the temperature is too high or the humidity is too low, it will trigger the LED light to turn on and off to remind.
Components Required
In this guide, I used Elecrow Raspberry Pi Pico Starter Kit to test different Modules. You can buy the kit and perform some other operations as well. From this kit, you can use the following components.
1. Raspberry Pi Pico Board – 1
2. 16×2 I2C LCD Display – 1
3. DHT11 Humidity Temperature Sensor – 1
4. Breadboard – 1
5. Red LED – 1
6. Green LED – 1
7. Jumper Wires – 4
8. Micro-USB Cable – 1
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity sensor is a temperature and humidity composite sensor with calibrated digital signal output, it includes a resistive humidity sensing element and an NTC temperature measuring element, and is connected to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller.
Its application-specific digital module acquisition technology and temperature and humidity sensing technology ensure that the product has extremely high reliability and excellent long-term stability.
There is a dedicated post about DHT11 Raspberry Pi Pico interfacing in one of our previous article. You can go through it for more info.
Mini Weather Station with DHT11 & Raspberry Pi Pico
The schematic for the Mini Weather Station with DHT11 Sensor, Raspberry Pi Pico & LCD Display is given below.
Connect the LCD VCC & GND Pin to Raspberry Pi Pico 5V & GND Pin respectively. Connect the SDA & SCL pins of the LCD to Raspberry Pi Pico GP0 & GP1 pins respectively.
The VCC, GND & output pin of the DHT11 Sensor is connected to the VSYS, GND & GP2 of Raspberry Pi Pico. There are two LEDs used for indication. The red LED is connected to GP4 & green LED is connected to GP5 of Raspberry Pi Pico.
MicroPython Code/Program
The code is divided into 4 parts. The 1st one is i2c_lcd.py, the 2nd one is lcd_api.py, 3rd one is dht.py & 4th one is main.py. The LCD & DHT11 Sensor doesn’t work directly as it requires few libraries.
lcd_api.py
Copy the following code and save it as lcd_api.py in Raspberry Pi Pico.
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"""Provides an API for talking to HD44780 compatible character LCDs.""" import time class LcdApi: """Implements the API for talking with HD44780 compatible character LCDs. This class only knows what commands to send to the LCD, and not how to get them to the LCD. It is expected that a derived class will implement the hal_xxx functions. """ # The following constant names were lifted from the avrlib lcd.h # header file, however, I changed the definitions from bit numbers # to bit masks. # # HD44780 LCD controller command set LCD_CLR = 0x01 # DB0: clear display LCD_HOME = 0x02 # DB1: return to home position LCD_ENTRY_MODE = 0x04 # DB2: set entry mode LCD_ENTRY_INC = 0x02 # --DB1: increment LCD_ENTRY_SHIFT = 0x01 # --DB0: shift LCD_ON_CTRL = 0x08 # DB3: turn lcd/cursor on LCD_ON_DISPLAY = 0x04 # --DB2: turn display on LCD_ON_CURSOR = 0x02 # --DB1: turn cursor on LCD_ON_BLINK = 0x01 # --DB0: blinking cursor LCD_MOVE = 0x10 # DB4: move cursor/display LCD_MOVE_DISP = 0x08 # --DB3: move display (0-> move cursor) LCD_MOVE_RIGHT = 0x04 # --DB2: move right (0-> left) LCD_FUNCTION = 0x20 # DB5: function set LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT = 0x10 # --DB4: set 8BIT mode (0->4BIT mode) LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES = 0x08 # --DB3: two lines (0->one line) LCD_FUNCTION_10DOTS = 0x04 # --DB2: 5x10 font (0->5x7 font) LCD_FUNCTION_RESET = 0x30 # See "Initializing by Instruction" section LCD_CGRAM = 0x40 # DB6: set CG RAM address LCD_DDRAM = 0x80 # DB7: set DD RAM address LCD_RS_CMD = 0 LCD_RS_DATA = 1 LCD_RW_WRITE = 0 LCD_RW_READ = 1 def __init__(self, num_lines, num_columns): self.num_lines = num_lines if self.num_lines > 4: self.num_lines = 4 self.num_columns = num_columns if self.num_columns > 40: self.num_columns = 40 self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y = 0 self.backlight = True self.display_off() self.backlight_on() self.clear() self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ENTRY_MODE | self.LCD_ENTRY_INC) self.hide_cursor() self.display_on() def clear(self): """Clears the LCD display and moves the cursor to the top left corner. """ self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CLR) self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_HOME) self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y = 0 def show_cursor(self): """Causes the cursor to be made visible.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR) def hide_cursor(self): """Causes the cursor to be hidden.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY) def blink_cursor_on(self): """Turns on the cursor, and makes it blink.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR | self.LCD_ON_BLINK) def blink_cursor_off(self): """Turns on the cursor, and makes it no blink (i.e. be solid).""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR) def display_on(self): """Turns on (i.e. unblanks) the LCD.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY) def display_off(self): """Turns off (i.e. blanks) the LCD.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL) def backlight_on(self): """Turns the backlight on. This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command. """ self.backlight = True self.hal_backlight_on() def backlight_off(self): """Turns the backlight off. This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command. """ self.backlight = False self.hal_backlight_off() def move_to(self, cursor_x, cursor_y): """Moves the cursor position to the indicated position. The cursor position is zero based (i.e. cursor_x == 0 indicates first column). """ self.cursor_x = cursor_x self.cursor_y = cursor_y addr = cursor_x & 0x3f if cursor_y & 1: addr += 0x40 # Lines 1 & 3 add 0x40 if cursor_y & 2: addr += 0x14 # Lines 2 & 3 add 0x14 self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_DDRAM | addr) def putchar(self, char): """Writes the indicated character to the LCD at the current cursor position, and advances the cursor by one position. """ if char != '\n': self.hal_write_data(ord(char)) self.cursor_x += 1 if self.cursor_x >= self.num_columns or char == '\n': self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y += 1 if self.cursor_y >= self.num_lines: self.cursor_y = 0 self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y) def putstr(self, string): """Write the indicated string to the LCD at the current cursor position and advances the cursor position appropriately. """ for char in string: self.putchar(char) def custom_char(self, location, charmap): """Write a character to one of the 8 CGRAM locations, available as chr(0) through chr(7). """ location &= 0x7 self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CGRAM | (location << 3)) time.sleep_us(40) for i in range(8): self.hal_write_data(charmap[i]) time.sleep_us(40) self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y) def hal_backlight_on(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on. If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ pass def hal_backlight_off(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off. If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ pass def hal_write_command(self, cmd): """Write a command to the LCD. It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ raise NotImplementedError def hal_write_data(self, data): """Write data to the LCD. It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ raise NotImplementedError |
i2c_lcd.py
Copy the following code and save it as i2c_lcd.py in Raspberry Pi Pico.
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from lcd_api import LcdApi from machine import I2C from time import sleep_ms # The PCF8574 has a jumper selectable address: 0x20 - 0x27 DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR = 0x27 # Defines shifts or masks for the various LCD line attached to the PCF8574 MASK_RS = 0x01 MASK_RW = 0x02 MASK_E = 0x04 SHIFT_BACKLIGHT = 3 SHIFT_DATA = 4 class I2cLcd(LcdApi): """Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via PCF8574 on I2C.""" def __init__(self, i2c, i2c_addr, num_lines, num_columns): self.i2c = i2c self.i2c_addr = i2c_addr self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([0])) sleep_ms(20) # Allow LCD time to powerup # Send reset 3 times self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) sleep_ms(5) # need to delay at least 4.1 msec self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) sleep_ms(1) self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) sleep_ms(1) # Put LCD into 4 bit mode self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION) sleep_ms(1) LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns) cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION if num_lines > 1: cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES self.hal_write_command(cmd) def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble): """Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD. This particular function is only used during initialization. """ byte = ((nibble >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte])) def hal_backlight_on(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on.""" self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([1 << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT])) def hal_backlight_off(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off.""" self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([0])) def hal_write_command(self, cmd): """Writes a command to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E. """ byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | (((cmd >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte])) byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | ((cmd & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte])) if cmd <= 3: # The home and clear commands require a worst case delay of 4.1 msec sleep_ms(5) def hal_write_data(self, data): """Write data to the LCD.""" byte = (MASK_RS | (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | (((data >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte])) byte = (MASK_RS | (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | ((data & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytearray([byte])) |
dht.py
Copy the following code and save it as dht.py in Raspberry Pi Pico.
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import array import micropython import utime from machine import Pin from micropython import const class InvalidChecksum(Exception): pass class InvalidPulseCount(Exception): pass MAX_UNCHANGED = const(100) MIN_INTERVAL_US = const(200000) HIGH_LEVEL = const(50) EXPECTED_PULSES = const(84) class DHT11: _temperature: int _humidity: int def __init__(self, pin): self._pin = pin self._last_measure = utime.ticks_us() self._temperature = -1 self._humidity = -1 def measure(self): current_ticks = utime.ticks_us() if utime.ticks_diff(current_ticks, self._last_measure) < MIN_INTERVAL_US and ( self._temperature > -1 or self._humidity > -1 ): # Less than a second since last read, which is too soon according # to the datasheet return self._send_init_signal() pulses = self._capture_pulses() buffer = self._convert_pulses_to_buffer(pulses) self._verify_checksum(buffer) self._humidity = buffer[0] + buffer[1] / 10 self._temperature = buffer[2] + buffer[3] / 10 self._last_measure = utime.ticks_us() @property def humidity(self): self.measure() return self._humidity @property def temperature(self): self.measure() return self._temperature def _send_init_signal(self): self._pin.init(Pin.OUT, Pin.PULL_DOWN) self._pin.value(1) utime.sleep_ms(50) self._pin.value(0) utime.sleep_ms(18) @micropython.native def _capture_pulses(self): pin = self._pin pin.init(Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP) val = 1 idx = 0 transitions = bytearray(EXPECTED_PULSES) unchanged = 0 timestamp = utime.ticks_us() while unchanged < MAX_UNCHANGED: if val != pin.value(): if idx >= EXPECTED_PULSES: raise InvalidPulseCount( "Got more than {} pulses".format(EXPECTED_PULSES) ) now = utime.ticks_us() transitions[idx] = now - timestamp timestamp = now idx += 1 val = 1 - val unchanged = 0 else: unchanged += 1 pin.init(Pin.OUT, Pin.PULL_DOWN) if idx != EXPECTED_PULSES: raise InvalidPulseCount( "Expected {} but got {} pulses".format(EXPECTED_PULSES, idx) ) return transitions[4:] def _convert_pulses_to_buffer(self, pulses): """Convert a list of 80 pulses into a 5 byte buffer The resulting 5 bytes in the buffer will be: 0: Integral relative humidity data 1: Decimal relative humidity data 2: Integral temperature data 3: Decimal temperature data 4: Checksum """ # Convert the pulses to 40 bits binary = 0 for idx in range(0, len(pulses), 2): binary = binary << 1 | int(pulses[idx] > HIGH_LEVEL) # Split into 5 bytes buffer = array.array("B") for shift in range(4, -1, -1): buffer.append(binary >> shift * 8 & 0xFF) return buffer def _verify_checksum(self, buffer): # Calculate checksum checksum = 0 for buf in buffer[0:4]: checksum += buf if checksum & 0xFF != buffer[4]: raise InvalidChecksum() |
main.py
Copy the following code and save it as main.py in Raspberry Pi Pico.
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from machine import I2C, Pin from i2c_lcd import I2cLcd from utime import sleep from dht import DHT11, InvalidChecksum DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR = 0x27 # LCD 1602 I2C address led_red = Pin(4,Pin.OUT) led_green = Pin(5,Pin.OUT) pin = Pin(2, Pin.OUT, Pin.PULL_DOWN) dht11 = DHT11(pin) def setup(): global lcd i2c = I2C(0,sda=Pin(0),scl=Pin(1),freq=400000) lcd = I2cLcd(i2c, DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR, 2, 16) # Initialize(device address, cursor settings) def loop(): try: while True: lcd.move_to(0,0) lcd.putstr("Temp: {}".format(dht11.temperature)) lcd.move_to(0,1) lcd.putstr("Humi: {}".format(dht11.humidity)) if dht11.temperature > 35 or dht11.humidity < 10: led_red.value(1) led_green.value(0) sleep(0.5) led_red.value(0) sleep(0.5) else: led_red.value(0) led_green.value(1) sleep(1) lcd.clear() except InvalidChecksum: print("Checksum from the sensor was invalid") if __name__ == '__main__': setup() loop() |
Now click on the Run button to run all the libraries and the main files.
The ambient temperature value and humidity value are displayed on the 16×2 LCD Display synchronously. When the temperature is too high or the humidity is too low, it will trigger the LED light to turn on and off to remind.
A better alternative to DHT11 Weather Station can be BME280 Weather Station which can give the value of pressure, temperature, dew point and altitude as well.
