Arduino Projects

DIY Soil EC Salinity Meter using Arduino & Soil EC Sensor

By Mamtaz AlamUpdated:October 24, 202416 Comments9 Mins Read

Overview

In this tutorial, we will learn how to make our own Soil EC & Salinity Meter using Arduino & Soil EC Sensor. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the amount of salts in soil (salinity of soil). It is an important indicator of soil health. It affects crop yields, suitability, nutrient availability, and activity of soil microorganisms. Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in soil or water. Salt molecules comprise a cation from sodium, potassium, calcium, and an anion from chloride or sulfate.

Excess salts hinder plant growth by affecting the soil-water balance. Although EC does not provide a direct measurement of specific ions or salt compounds but correlates to concentrations of nitrates, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfate & ammonia. This is the reason why measurement of Soil Electrical Conductivity & Soil Salinity is important. Soil EC can be measured via electrodes inserted directly into the ground or by extracting soil water using a Lysimeter.

In this proposed system, we will measure the Soil EC & Salinity using our own DIY Arduino Soil EC Meter. The type of soil electrical conductivity sensor that we will be using is the JXCTIOT Soil EC Sensor. The sensor works on Modbus protocol. Using some Modbus command we can request Soil EC & Salinity value from the Sensor.

We will display the Soil EC Value and Salinity value on a 0.96″ OLED Display. Earlier we discussed the measurement of Soil NPK Value & Soil Ph Value using a similar Modbus Based Sensor. We will use the similar approach now to calculate the Soil Salinity & Soil Conductivity. The Soil EC Sensor along with Arduino can give digital reading of Soil EC & Salinity.

Bill of Materials

To make DIY Arduino Soil EC Meter, you need the following components. You can purchase all the components online from Amazon. For that check the following purchase links below. The Soil electrical conductivity sensor is a little bit expensive.

S.N.	Components	Quantity	Purchase Links
1	Arduino Nano Board	1	Amazon \| AliExpress
2	Soil EC Salinity Sensor	1	Amazon \| AliExpress
3	0.96" I2C OLED Display	1	Amazon \| AliExpress
4	MAX485 Modbus Module	1	Amazon \| AliExpress
5	9-12V Power Supply	1	Amazon \| AliExpress
6	Connecting Wires	10	Amazon \| AliExpress
7	Breadboard	1	Amazon \| AliExpress

Meaning of Soil Electrical Conductivity & Salinity

Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is the measurement of the ability of soil water to carry electrical current. Electrical conductivity is an electrolytic process that occurs principally through water-filled pores.

The Cations like Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ & NH4+ and anions like SO42-, Cl-, NO3 – & HCO3 – from the dissolved salts carry electrical charges. The electrical charges are responsible for the conduction of electrical current. Thus, the concentration of ions determines the EC of soils.

In agriculture, EC is used principally as a measure of soil salinity. Soil salinity is a measure of the minerals and salts that can be dissolved in water. EC is expressed in Siemens per meter (S/m) whereas Salinity is expressed in mg/Kg.

Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) & Salinity Sensor

The JXCTIOT Soil EC Sensor is a low-cost Soil Sensor for EC & Salinity Measurement application. It is designed with industry standards, featuring high precision, high sensitivity & durability. You can use this sensor for the evaluation of soil conditions. It can quickly test the conductivity & salinity of different kinds of soil. There are multiple soil electrical conductivity & Salinity Sensors. But this sensor is the best one for practical applications.

The inside of the sensor has a high-quality chip. The chip has low power consumption, high sensitivity, and also high stability. The probe of the sensor is made using austenitic 316 stainless steel as a raw material. This is why the sensor has anti-rust resistance, electrolysis resistance, salt, and alkaline corrosion resistance. This ensures long-term operation of the soil & is suitable for various types of soil.

You can use this sensor in scientific experiments, water-saving irrigation, gardening, greenhouses, outdoor farming, horticulture, golf & turf management. The sensor is also better suited for applications like forestry, precision agriculture & other professional environmental monitoring scenarios. You can use this Soil EC or Conductivity sensor Arduino or any other microcontroller.

Characteristics

Imported high-quality soil EC sensor and chips
Special designed Sensor, with great penetration of soil
Unique sensing technology, with a wide working range
High-quality soil salinity sensor with stable sensing ability
Portable design and easy testing
Low power consumption
IP68 casing, with fully waterproof function

Specifications

Power supply: 12-24V DC
Output signal: Modbus RS485/4-20mA/0-5V/0-10V
Working Temperature range: -40℃ to 80℃
Electrical conductivity measurement range: 0-10000us/cm
Conductivity resolution: 10us/cm
Response Time: <1s
Protection Level: IP68 Waterproof Casing

Sensor Pinout

The Sensor has 4 pins as VCC, GND, 485-A & 485-B. The Sensor operates on 12V-24V. You won’t get any output if you supply anything lesser than 12V.

Interfacing Soil EC sensor arduino

Now, let us interface the Soil EC Salinity Sensor with the Arduino Nano Board using the MAX485 Modbus Module. The connection diagram is given below.

Connect the R0 & DI pin of from the Modbus to D2 & D3 of Arduino using Software Serial. Similarly, we have to enable DE & RE high which is done by connecting them to the D7 & D8 pin of Arduino. The EC Sensor has 4 wires. The brown one is VCC which needs a 12V-24V Power Supply. The GND pin which is black in color needs to be connected to the GND of Arduino. Connect the Blue wire which is the B pin to the B pin of MAX485. Also connect the Yellow Wire which is the A pin to the A pin of MAX485.

The 0.96″ SSD1306 OLED Display is an I2C Module. Connect the OLED Display VCC & GND pin to the 3.3V & GND of Arduino. Similarly, connect the OLED SDA & SCL pins to the A4 & A5 of Arduino. You can follow the circuit diagram & assemble the circuit on a breadboard or make a custom design PCB.

Project PCB Gerber File & PCB Ordering Online

If you don’t want to assemble the circuit on breadboard and you want PCB for the project, then here is the PCB for you. The PCB Board for the DIY EC Meter is designed using EasyEDA online Circuit Schematics & PCB designing tool. The front side and back side of the PCB is given below.

The Gerber File for the PCB is given below. You can simply download the Gerber File and order the PCB from ALLPCB at 1$ only.

Download Gerber File: EC Salinity Meter PCBYou can use this Gerber file to order high quality PCB for this project. To do that visit the ALLPCB official website by clicking here: https://www.allpcb.com/.

You can now upload the Gerber File by choosing the Quote Now option. From these options, you can choose the Material Type, Dimensions, Quantity, Thickness, Solder Mask Color and other required parameters.

After filling all details, select your country and shipping method. Finally you can place the order.

Modbus Command for Soil EC Sensor

Modbus commands can instruct a Modbus Device to:
1. change the value in one of its registers, which is written to Coil and Holding registers
2. read an I/O port: Read data from Discrete and Coil ports,
3. command the device to send back one or more values contained in its Coil and Holding register

A Modbus command contains the Modbus address of the device it is intended for (1 to 247). Only the addressed device will respond and act on the command, even though other devices might receive it.

The Soil EC Sensor has 3 different for reading the value of Soil EC & Soil Salinity. You can get the inquiry bit address from the instruction manual.

To learn more about the Modbus RTU Communication protocol, you may follow the following tutorials:

Soil EC Value

The inquiry frame for Soil EC Value is:

You will get the following as a response:

You can calculate the Soil Conductivity from the Response you receive. For example, if you get 5DC as a response then Soil EC Value will be:
5DC H(hexadecimal) =1500 (Decimal) => Conductivity =1500us/cm

Soil Salinity Value

The inquiry frame for Soil Salinity Value is:

You will get the following as a response:

You can calculate the Soil Salinity from the Response you receive. For example, if you get 69 as a response then Soil Salinity Value will be:
69 H(hexadecimal) =105 (Decimal) => Salinity = 105mg/L

Source Code/Program

Here is the source code for interfacing Soil Salinity Sensor with Arduino. You can use this code with Soil EC Sensor & Arduino to retrieve soil electrical conductivity value & Soil Salinity value via Modbus RTU command. You can send the command and retrieve the value in HEX Code. The HEX code needs to be converted into Decimal to get the Measured Soil Nutrient content data.

Since we are using OLED Display to display the Soil EC & Salinity value, you will need OLED Library. Download the following OLED Library and add it to the Arduino IDE.
1. Adafruit SSD1306 Library: Download
2. Adafruit GFX Library: Download

Here is the complete source code. Compile the code & upload it to the Arduino Nano Board.

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define RE 8
#define DE 7

const byte ec[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x01, 0x95, 0xCE};
const byte salinity[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x01, 0xC4, 0x0E};
byte values[8];

SoftwareSerial mod(2, 3);

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128  // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64  // OLED display height, in pixels
#define OLED_RESET    -1  // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing reset pin)
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);


void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  mod.begin(9600);
  pinMode(RE, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(DE, OUTPUT);
  if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C))
  {
    Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
    for (;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever
  }
  display.display();
  delay(100);
  display.clearDisplay();

  display.setTextColor(WHITE);
  display.setTextSize(1);
  display.setCursor(20, 30);
  display.print("Soil Analysis");
  display.display();
  delay(2000);
}

void loop()
{
/**************Soil EC Reading*******************/  
 digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);
  delay(10);

  if (mod.write(ec, sizeof(ec)) == 8)
  {
    digitalWrite(DE, LOW);
    digitalWrite(RE, LOW);
    for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    {
      values[i] = mod.read();
      Serial.print(values[i], HEX);
    }
    Serial.println();
  }
  int soil_ec = int(values[3]<<8|values[4]);
  delay(1000);
/**************Soil Salinity Reading*******************/ 
  digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);
  delay(10);
  if (mod.write(salinity, sizeof(salinity)) == 8)
  {
    digitalWrite(DE, LOW);
    digitalWrite(RE, LOW);
    for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    {
      values[i] = mod.read();
      Serial.print(values[i], HEX);
    }
    Serial.println();
  }
  int soil_salinity = int(values[4]);
  delay(1000);

  

  Serial.print("Soil EC: ");
  Serial.println(soil_ec);
  
  Serial.print("Soil Salinity: ");
  Serial.println(soil_salinity);


  display.clearDisplay();
  display.setTextSize(2);
  display.setCursor(0,10);
  display.print("EC:");
  display.print(soil_ec);
  display.setTextSize(1);
  display.print(" us/cm");

   display.setTextSize(2);
  display.setCursor(0,40);
  display.print("SL:");
  display.print(soil_salinity);
  display.setTextSize(1);
  display.print(" mg/L");

  display.display();
  
  delay(2000);
}

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#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <Wire.h>

#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>

#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define RE 8

#define DE 7

const byte ec[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x01, 0x95, 0xCE};

const byte salinity[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x01, 0xC4, 0x0E};

byte values[8];

SoftwareSerial mod(2, 3);

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels

#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

#define OLED_RESET -1 // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing reset pin)

Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

mod.begin(9600);

pinMode(RE, OUTPUT);

pinMode(DE, OUTPUT);

if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C))

{

Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));

for (;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever

}

display.display();

delay(100);

display.clearDisplay();

display.setTextColor(WHITE);

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setCursor(20, 30);

display.print("Soil Analysis");

display.display();

delay(2000);

}

void loop()

{

/**************Soil EC Reading*******************/

digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);

digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);

delay(10);

if (mod.write(ec, sizeof(ec)) == 8)

{

digitalWrite(DE, LOW);

digitalWrite(RE, LOW);

for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)

{

values[i] = mod.read();

Serial.print(values[i], HEX);

}

Serial.println();

}

int soil_ec = int(values[3]<<8|values[4]);

delay(1000);

/**************Soil Salinity Reading*******************/

digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);

digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);

delay(10);

if (mod.write(salinity, sizeof(salinity)) == 8)

{

digitalWrite(DE, LOW);

digitalWrite(RE, LOW);

for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)

{

values[i] = mod.read();

Serial.print(values[i], HEX);

}

Serial.println();

}

int soil_salinity = int(values[4]);

delay(1000);

Serial.print("Soil EC: ");

Serial.println(soil_ec);

Serial.print("Soil Salinity: ");

Serial.println(soil_salinity);

display.clearDisplay();

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(0,10);

display.print("EC:");

display.print(soil_ec);

display.setTextSize(1);

display.print(" us/cm");

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(0,40);

display.print("SL:");

display.print(soil_salinity);

display.setTextSize(1);

display.print(" mg/L");

display.display();

delay(2000);

}

Monitoring Soil EC & Salinity Data on OLED Display

Once you upload the code to the Arduino Nano Board, the OLED will initialize along with the sensor. The sensor will take some time to get stabilized and the reading may be incorrect for few seconds.

Once the sensor gets stabilized, you can dip the sensor in the soil to get the Soil EC & Salinity Reading. The OLED Display will display the EC Value in micro Simens per centimeter (us/cm) & Salinity value in milligram per kilogram (mg/kg).

So this is how you interface Soil EC Salinity Sensor with Arduino & get the Soil EC Salinity Readings. Similarly, put the sensor in different samples of soil. You will see a variation in the value of EC/Salinity depending upon the type of soil.

Video Tutorial & Guide

Follow the following video to learn about the entire project & code information. The video will properly guide to make your own Soil EC Salinity Meter using Arduino.

DIY Soil EC/Salinity Meter || Measure Soil Conductivity & Salinity using Arduino & Soil EC Sensor

Watch this video on YouTube.

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View 16 Comments

16 Comments

Jose Nunez on May 31, 2021 6:59 PM

just did it and it worked perfectly, any way to calibrate or to test if its working ok? I mean, any value of reference?

Reply
josejagapps on June 1, 2021 4:41 AM

Hello can you please provide an explanation for this line?
int soil_ec = int(values[3]<<8|values[4]);

thanks, BR

Reply
- Alex Newton on June 1, 2021 10:33 AM
  
  This is a bit shifting operation implemented using Bitwise Operator. This is done to read 16-bit data.
  
  Reply
Yi-Hsing Chang on June 5, 2021 6:02 PM

Hi sir: may I contact you by email?
Actually, my ec meter project did not work well.
So could you give me a help?

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <Wire.h>

#define RE 8
#define DE 7

const byte ec[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x05, 0xCB};
byte values[8];

SoftwareSerial mod(2, 3);

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
mod.begin(9600);
pinMode(RE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DE, OUTPUT);
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
/**************Soil EC Reading*******************/

digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);
delay(1000);

if (mod.write(ec, sizeof(ec)) == 8)
{
digitalWrite(DE, LOW);
digitalWrite(RE, LOW);
for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)
{
values[i] = mod.read();
Serial.print(values[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
}
int soil_ec = int(values[3]<<8|values[4]);
delay(1000);

Serial.print(” Soil EC: “);
Serial.print(soil_ec);

delay(2000);
}

My ecMeter is 3 in one , soil ec, soil temperature, and soil moisture.

Inquire frame is : {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x05, 0xCB}

response frame is : 0x01, 0x03, 0x06, 0x02 0x92, 0xFF 0x9B, 0x03 0xE8, 0xD8, 0X0F
moisture, temperature, EC meter, CRCL ,CRCH

Reply
asdfasfdasdfasdf on September 2, 2021 10:56 PM

Hello. I followed your video exactly, but when testing the project out the EC_Value stays the same at -1 and Soil Salinity at 255. I tried changing plants, soil, adding water, and much more but there is no change in the value of the soil. Any reason this is happening?

Reply
- Admin on September 4, 2021 2:08 PM
  
  Check the frame request address.
  
  Reply
SidTheGuptaGangster on September 26, 2021 4:44 AM

Sir, I am having the same problem. Can you please elaborate on what you mean by frame request address?

Reply
ablebris on April 12, 2022 1:54 PM

Change int soil_ec = int(values[3]

Reply
Navid Hashemipour (@NavidH91) on May 16, 2022 10:59 AM

Can I use this code for Arduino Uno?

Reply
- Admin on May 16, 2022 2:42 PM
  
  Yes you can.
  
  Reply
Navid on May 17, 2022 11:42 AM

I ran exactly the same circuit and program but no output. What is the current consumed by the sensor? When I connect the sensor directly to 12 volts, the sensor consumes only 10 mA. this is correct?

Reply
Hg on July 26, 2022 2:57 PM

Hi. I am using bh-485-do sensor (a dissolve oxygen sensor) which is using RS485 modbus too. I followed your wiring and coding exactly, but I don’t get the expected result. The current results are all in FFFFFFFFFFFFFF.

This is my coding:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <Wire.h>

#define RE 8
#define DE 7

const byte oxygen[] = {0x03, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0xD4, 0x28};
const byte temperature[] = {0x01, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x84, 0x0A};
byte values[7];

SoftwareSerial mod(2, 3);

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
mod.begin(9600);
pinMode(RE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DE, OUTPUT);
delay(2000);
}

void loop()
{
/**************water oxygen Reading*******************/
digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);
delay(10);

if (mod.write(oxygen, sizeof(oxygen)) == 8)
{
digitalWrite(DE, LOW);
digitalWrite(RE, LOW);
for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)
{
values[i] = mod.read();
Serial.print(values[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
}
// int water_oxygen = int(values[3] << 8 | values[4]);
int water_oxygen = int(values[3]);
delay(1000);
/**************water temperature Reading*******************/
digitalWrite(DE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(RE, HIGH);
delay(10);
if (mod.write(temperature, sizeof(temperature)) == 8)
{
digitalWrite(DE, LOW);
digitalWrite(RE, LOW);
for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++)
{
values[i] = mod.read();
Serial.print(values[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
}
int water_temperature = int(values[4]);
delay(1000);

Serial.print(“water oxygen: “);
Serial.print(water_oxygen * 0.01);
Serial.println(” mg/L”);

Serial.print(“water temperature: “);
Serial.print(water_temperature * 0.1);
Serial.println(” C”);

delay(5000);
}

According to the manual:

https://img80002958.weyesimg.com/uploads/www.boquinstrument.com/addon/16078430671354.pdf

DO data reading instruction:
Addr. + Func. + Register start Addr. + Number of registers read + CRC check code(Hex)
e.g. Tx:03 03 00 01 00 01 D4 28

DO data return instruction:
Addr. + Func. + data length + data + CRC check code(Hex)
e.g. Rx:03 03 02 00 DF 80 1C

Temp data reading instruction:
Addr. + Func. + Register start Addr. + Number of registers read + CRC check code(Hex)
e.g. Tx:01 03 00 00 00 01 84 0A

Temp data return instruction:
Addr. + Func. + data length + data + CRC check code(Hex)
e.g. Rx:01 03 02 00 DF F9 DC

Reply
242342352352356235 on July 26, 2022 2:59 PM

2145125612562356236

Reply
Lau HG on July 26, 2022 3:01 PM

Hi. I am having the same problem with you. Do you solve it?

Reply
Akash soni on January 30, 2023 1:36 PM

Check the power supply given to the max485 TTL, in my case it worked at below 5V (4.94V to be precise).

Reply
Bashar on February 25, 2023 11:49 AM

Is there a way to contact you directly ?

Reply